61 Fascinating Facts about Earthquakes

By Karin Lehnardt, Senior Writer

Published September 17, 2016

A massive 8.8 earthquake in Chile moved the city of Concepción 10 feet to the west on February 27, 2010. This quake also shortened Earth's day and slightly changed the rotation of the planet._[1]
The deadliest earthquake known hit Shansi, China on January 23, 1556. An estimated 830,000 people died._[1]
Earthquakes kill approximately 8,000 people each year and have caused an estimated 13 million deaths in the past 4,000 years._[4]
The moment magnitude scale (MMS) replaced the 1930s-era Richter scale in the 1970s as the method of measuring the size of earthquakes in terms of energy released._[2]
The Indian Ocean earthquake in 2004 generated enough energy to power all the homes and businesses in the United States for three days._[4]
An average earthquake lasts around a minute._[10]

Japanese mythology says that Namazu, a giant catfish, is responsible for earthquakes

In Japan mythology, a giant catfish called Namazu is responsible for earthquakes._[3]
Aftershocks occur because the displaced fault line and crust are adjusting to the effects of the main earthquake. Larger earthquakes can have aftershocks that last for years._[6]
Shock waves produced by Rayleigh waves or waves that roll through the Earth’s surface—in contrast to side-to-side waves or Love waves—can travel far enough upward to cause a disturbance in the ionosphere. The ionosphere is the layer of Earth’s atmosphere about 50-300 miles (80-480 km) above Earth’s surface._[3]
Parkfield, California, is known as “The Earthquake Capital of the World” and has a bridge that spans two tectonic plates._[3]
Earthquakes are mostly caused by geological faults, but they can also be caused by landslides, nuclear testing, mine tests, and volcanic activity._[2]
The “focus” or “hypocenter” is the earthquake’s initial point of rupture. Its “epicenter” is the point at ground level above the hypocenter._[3]
In ancient Greece, people believed that the god of the sea, Poseidon, caused earthquakes. When he was angry, Poseidon would strike the ground with his trident and set off an earthquake. His unpredictable, violent behavior earned him the nickname “Earth-Shaker.”_[2]
More earthquakes happen in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere._[3]
In Hindu mythology, Earth is held in place by eight gigantic elephants, all balanced on the back of turtle, which itself stands on the coils of a snake. If any of these animals shift or move, an earthquake occurs._[3]

Earthquakes that occur in the ocean can cause tsunamis

An earthquake under the ocean can cause a tsunami, which travels outward in all directions up to 600 miles (970 km) per hour, the speed of a jet. When the tsunami reaches the shoreline, it suddenly rolls up to heights of over 100 feet (30 meters) causing massive destruction._[3]
The worst avalanche triggered by an earthquake occurred in Peru in 1970. A 800-meter wave of ice, mud, and rock fell down the mountain in Huascaran at 250 miles (400 km) per hour. It carried away entire villages and killed more than 18,000 people._[10]
The world’s worst landslide started by an earthquake occurred in 1920 in the Kansu province in China. The landslide killed about 200,000 people._[10]
The highest tsunami caused by an earthquake happened in Japan in 1771. A tsunami 278 feet (85 meters) high struck Ishigaki Island._[10]
The shape of a pagoda is known for resisting damage from earthquakes._[10]
The term “tectonic” is related to the word “texture” and is from the Greek tektonikos which means “pertaining to building,” from the Proto-Indo-European base *tek, “to make.”_[2]
Tectonic plates move less than 3 inches (7.62 cm) per year. However, a tectonic plate movement of just 20 cm is enough to set off a major earthquake, such as the 6.9 Kobe earthquake in 1995._[4]
Scientists developed the theory of plate tectonics in the mid-twentieth century._[4]
There are four types of faults in the earth: normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-up._[6]
A quake is considered major when it registers more than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale. A magnitude of 3.0 or lower is nearly imperceptible._[6]

About 90% of damage in a 1906 earthquake in California was due to fire

The 1906 earthquake in California was before the Richter scale, but scientists estimate it would rank as a 7.8. As much as 90% of the damage in San Francisco was from fires caused by cracked gas pipes. San Francisco burned for three days and nights._[2]
The 1906 California earthquake was one of the first major disasters to be recorded by photography._[3]
Nearly 2,000 years ago, a Chinese astronomer named Zhang Heng (A.D. 78-139) invented the world’s first earthquake detector. It could detect earthquakes more than 370 miles (600 km) away._[3]
Nearly 80% of Earth’s largest earthquakes occur near the “Ring of Fire,” which is a horseshoe-shaped region in the Pacific Ocean where many tectonic plates meet. The second-most earthquake-prone area is a region called the Alpide Belt, which includes countries such as Turkey, India, and Pakistan._[7]
An earthquake in A.D. 1201 in the eastern Mediterranean is labeled the worst earthquake in history and claimed an estimated one million lives._[10]
The 853-foot (260-meter) high Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco has been designed to withstand strong earthquakes._[10]
Earthquakes occur only in the Earth’s crust. Deep earthquakes originate in crust that is sliding down beneath another tectonic plate. The most devastating earthquakes are those that are strong and shallow with the focus point less than 20 miles (32 km) underground and that occur in highly populated areas.g_[7]

Volcano eruptions can be caused by earthquakes

Earthquakes can set off volcanoes, as was the case in the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption and the Mount Etna eruption in 2002._[7]
Scientists think that animals may sense weak tremors before a quake. Other scientists think that animals may sense electrical signals set off by the shifting of underground rocks._[4]
The ancient Greeks believed that earthquakes were caused by winds rushing out from caves inside Earth._[3]
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake lasted nearly 10 minutes—the longest on record._[3]
Englishman John Milne invented the seismograph in 1880._[7]
American scientist Charles Richter invented the Richter scale in 1935._[10]
There are about 1,300,000 earthquakes per year (two per day) with magnitudes of 2.9 or lower._[10]
Approximately one earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 or higher occurs per year._[6]
The largest earthquake in recent history was a 9.5 and occurred in Chile in 1960. It caused giant ocean waves as far as 6,000 miles (10,000 km) away._[3]
The largest earthquake in the U.S. on record was a 9.2 quake that occurred in Alaska in 1964._[2]

Earthquakes can release more energy than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima

An earthquake can release hundreds times more energy than the nuclear bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima in Japan in 1945._[8]
Before an earthquake, ponds and canals may give off a strange smell. This is caused by the release of gases underground. The temperature of ground water can also become warmer._[8]
An earthquake on the moon is called a moonquake. Moonquakes are normally weaker than earthquakes._[2]
Though the ground moved for only about 20 seconds during the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake, more than 5,000 people were killed, 300,000 people were left homeless, and more than 100,000 buildings were destroyed._[3]
The earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1775 caused waves on the surface of Scotland’s Loch Ness, more than 1,240 miles (2,000 km) away._[3]
The 1964 Alaska 9.2 quake lasted four minutes and dropped streets 20 feet (6 meters) below normal. It caused flooding on the coast of Hawaii, more than 3,100 miles away._[2]
The first recorded earthquake in California was in 1769 by Gaspar de Portola, an explorer and Spanish military officer._[2]

The San Andreas Fault of California moves 2 inches per year

The San Andreas Fault is moving about 2 inches a year, about the same rate fingernails grow. At this rate, San Francisco and Los Angeles will be next to each other in 15 million years._[3]
The most earthquake-prone state in the United States is Alaska._[8]
The earliest recorded earthquake is from 1831 B.C. in the Shandong province in China._[8]
Aristotle was the first to note that soft ground shakes more than hard ground._[3]
Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone nations in the world. Thousands of earthquakes occur in Japan every year, but most of them are very weak._[2]
In 2006, geologists found three new faults in northern California. The faults run under small towns and vineyards in Mendocino County._[3]
The San Andres is one of the longest fault zones in the world. It is a strike-slip fault and runs over 800 miles (1,280 km) from San Francisco through southern California to Mexico. The San Andres fault is not just one fault but it is actually made up of many faults._[7]

Japan's 2011 earthquake cause tsunami waves as high as 30 feet

The 9.0 earthquake that struck Japan March 11, 2011 was the worst earthquake in Japan’s history. It created a tsunami with waves as high as 30 feet (10 meters) and severely damaged nuclear power plants._[9]
Japan’s 9.0 earthquake in 2011 not only moved the island closer to the United States, it also shifted the planet’s axis by 6.5 inches._[5]
The devastating 2011 earthquake in Japan created a massive 186-mile long and 93 mile wide rift 15 miles under the ocean._[5]
Japan’s massive 2011 earthquake shifted the earth’s mass toward the center, causing the planet to spin faster and shortening the day by 1.6 microseconds. The 2004 Sumatra quake shorted the day by 6.8 microseconds._[5]
Because earthquake-prone Japan had placed high-tech sensors around the country after its 1995 quake, Japan’s 2011 earthquake is the best-recorded earthquake in history._[5]

Place	Year	Strength (MMS)
The Five Strongest Earthquakes Since 1900_[4]_[5]
Valdivia, Chile	1960	9.5
Prince William Sound, Alaska	1964	9.2
Sumatra, Indonesia	2004	9.1
Sendai, Japan	2011	9.0
Kamchatka, Russia	1952	9.0

Earthquake Timeline_[4]_[10]
AD 132	Zhang Heng invents the first earthquake detector
1556	A massive earthquake hits the Shaanxi province in China, killing over 800,000 people
1775	Triggered by an earthquake, a massive tsunami hits Lisbon, Portugal, with waves over 50 feet high
1885	British geologist John Milne invents the first modern seismograph for measuring earth tremors
1906	The Great San Francisco Earthquake kills nearly 3,000 people
1923	The Great Kanto Erthquake hits Tokyo, Japan, killing more than 140,000 people and destroying 360,000 buildings
1935	American Charles Richter invents the Richter scale to measure earthquake magnitude
1960	In May, the largest earthquake ever recorded, meausring 9.5 on the Ricther scale, hit Chile, causing tsunamis that affect Chile, Peru, Hawii, and Japan
1970	An earthquake measuring 7.7 strikes Peru, causing massive mudslides and avalanches in the mountains. 18,000 people are killed
1978	An earthquake measuring 7.8 hits Tangshan, China. Over 242,000 people are crushed to death
1988	An earthquake measuring 6.9 hits Armenia, causing newly built apartments to collapse, killing 25,000
1995	In Kobe, Japan, 5,5000 people die in 7.2 earthquake
1999	An earthquake in Turkey kills 17,000 people
2001	An earthquake in Gujarat, India kills 20,000 people
2003	An earthquake in Iran kills 26,000 people and destroys the ancient city of Bam
2004	An earthquake measuring between 9.1 and 9.3 strikes off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, triggering a massive tsunami that kills over 230,000 people in fourteen countries
2005	On October 8, a 7.6 earthquake in Pakistan and parts of Kashmir kills over 86,000 people
2010	Over 230,000 people die in Haiti after a 7.0 earthquake
2011	On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 earthquake strikes off the east coast of Honshu, Japan, triggering deadly tsunamis